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2020. gada decembra socioloģiskās aptaujas tehniskā informācija
(RECOVERY-LV, 2020) Austers, Aldis
Aptauja ir veikta projekta "Ekonomiskais, politiskais un juridiskais ietvars Latvijas tautsaimniecības potenciāla saglabāšanai un konkurētspējas pieauguma veicināšanai pēc pandēmijas izraisītas krīzes (reCOVery-LV)" ietvaros. Aptaujas mērķis ir novērtēt kā sabiedrība uztver valsts politikas atbilstību krīzes radītām sekām. Aptaujas rezultāti tika izmantoti zinātniskā raksta un monogrāfijas sagatavošanai.
2020. gada novembra socioloģiskās aptaujas tehniskā informācija
(RECOVERY-LV, 2020) Austers, Aldis
Aptauja ir veikta projekta "Ekonomiskais, politiskais un juridiskais ietvars Latvijas tautsaimniecības potenciāla saglabāšanai un konkurētspējas pieauguma veicināšanai pēc pandēmijas izraisītas krīzes (reCOVery-LV)" ietvaros. Aptaujas mērķis ir novērtēt kā sabiedrība uztver valsts politikas atbilstību krīzes radītām sekām. Aptaujas rezultāti tika izmantoti zinātniskā raksta un monogrāfijas sagatavošanai.
Analysis of affordability of meat, chicken, fish or vegetarian equivalent every second day in households in Latvia
(2019-05) Sloka, Biruta; Jekabsone, Inga
In recent years, there are growing research and policy discussions on assessment and analysis of poverty and measurement of material conditions. Researchers and policy makers develop different set of indicators that describes material deprivation. Material deprivation that is usually defined as the extent of functioning failures in the dimension of material well-being is based on set of different items that refer to affordability of basic needs. Affordability of meat, chicken, fish or vegetarian equivalent every second day is one of main indicators that characterizes meeting the basic needs of the households. In case of Latvia, macroeconomic indicators show that through recent years country is going on economic recovery path, however there are discussions on growing income inequality and poverty in regions. Taking into account before mentioned, the aim of the paper is to analyse the material deprivation and food poverty by assessing the affordability of meat, chicken, fish or vegetarian equivalent every second day in households in Latvia. The tasks are formulated as follows: 1) To review theoretical background on measuring the material deprivation and food poverty in households; 2) To assess empirical research on measuring the material deprivation and food poverty in households; 3) To analyse statistical data on households’ affordability in Latvia. In order to achieve the aim, following research methods have been used: scientific literature studies, statistical data analysis. Main results and conclusions of the paper: there is wide range of indicators and indexes that measure food poverty and material deprivation. Based on these measures policy makers develop framework for social inclusion and inclusive society. In case of Latvia, analysis of affordability of on measuring the material deprivation and food poverty in households showed that there is positive trend over the years in regards to the share of people that cannot afford to meet their basic needs. However, the situation is rather critical in some regions of Latvia.
Aptauja par attālināto darbu
(RECOVERY-LV, 2020) Brence, Ieva
Aptauja ir veikta projekta "Ekonomiskais, politiskais un juridiskais ietvars Latvijas tautsaimniecības potenciāla saglabāšanai un konkurētspējas pieauguma veicināšanai pēc pandēmijas izraisītas krīzes (reCOVery-LV)" ietvaros. Aptaujas mērķis ir novērtēt kā sabiedrība uztver valsts politikas atbilstību krīzes radītām sekām. Aptaujas rezultāti tika izmantoti zinātniskā raksta un monogrāfijas sagatavošanai.
ASSESSMENT OF LATVIAN PENSION SYSTEM IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN PILLAR OF SOCIAL RIGHTS
(University of Latvia, 2021) Bule, Larisa; Rupeika-Apoga, Ramona; Romanova, Inna; Leitane, Liga
Latvian pension system is considered to be one of the most sustainable, but it should be mentioned that financial sustainability may be achieved in different ways and sometimes the aspects of sustainability are estimated without considering system’s ability to provide equity, equality and adequacy of retirement provision. The European Pillar of Social Rights has been proclaimed in 2017. According to this statement delivering on the principles and rights defined under the Pillar is the joint responsibility of the EU institutions, member states, social partners and other stakeholders. The 3rd chapter devoted to social protection and inclusion establishes the key approaches to determining the minimum income, old age income and pensions. In particular, everyone lacking sufficient resources has the right to adequate minimum income benefits ensuring a life in dignity at all stages of life, and effective access to enabling goods and services; workers and the self-employed in retirement have the right to a pension commensurate to their contributions and ensuring an adequate income; everyone in old age has the right to resources that ensure living in dignity. The aim of the paper is to estimate actual compliance of Latvian pension system with the requirements of the European Pillar of Social Rights. The main findings show that the European Pillar of Social Rights creates completely new challenges to Latvian pension system, e.g. an ability to stay financially sustainable and comply with the principles of adequate income provision and ensuring living in dignity. Therefore more extensive and complex options of system’s improvement should be proposed and assessed.
CHALLENGES ON ACCESSING FINANCE FOR MICRO-ENTERPRISES IN LATVIA
(LLU, 2021-05) Beizitere, Ilona; Sloka, Biruta; Brence, Ieva; Jermolajeva, Elita
Financial support of companies for their development is considered and realised by many countries worldwide, also in Latvia. Latvia has been receiving critical remarks from entrepreneurs in regard to high level of refuse for financing from the financing institution ALTUM which is the principal intermediary of EU funds and provides resources to support entrepreneurship in Latvia. Statistical data indicate that there are significant reductions of micro-enterprises during recent years. The survey data showed that ALTUM rejected 39 % of the surveyed micro-enterprises from those who had submitted applications within three years. In turn, only 6 % of micro-enterprises have received full financing from banks or leasing companies. Funders rejected applications from 9 % of micro-enterprises while another 5 % themselves withdrew funding due to unacceptable conditions. Latvia has to address serious challenges in entrepreneurship development in regions in particular with a lower economic activity. The aim of the paper is to analyse situation of microenterprises for receiving funding. Research methods: analysis of scientific publications and results of previous conducted research, analysis of data obtained in survey of enterprises on questions of financing refuse and on evaluations related to financing conditions in recent years. For a more thorough data analysis (used evaluation scale 1-5) indicators of descriptive statistics are applied: indicators of central tendency or location – arithmetic means, mode, median; indicators of variability or dispersion – range, standard deviation, standard error of mean; cross – tabulations; testing of statistical hypotheses using t-test and analysis of variance – ANOVA; correlation analysis. Research results indicate that the use of more precise requirements of financing for micro-enterprises by finance institution ALTUM could benefit in better development of entrepreneurship in regions of Latvia.
CHOICE ARCHITECTURE AS A BASIS FOR PENSION SAVINGS DECISIONS
(University of Latvia, 2022) Dundure, Evija
The study analyses the findings of behavioural studies in enhancing the amount of private pension savings. The aim of the study is to summarize the findings of the scientific literature in a unified system, which allows to analyse the behavioural theories methods used by countries in facilitating people's decisions in funded private pension savings. The authors look at the process of pension accumulation from the perspective of their three stages of formation and identify the need for investor involvement in each of them. The developed unified system is tested by performing a comparative analysis of the 2nd and 3rd pension pillars in Latvia. It clearly shows the commonalities and differences between the two pillars, as well as the areas in which the methods of behavioural theories can be used.
COVID-19 Lessons and Post-pandemic Recovery: A Case of Latvia
(Frontiers in Public Health, 2022-04) Šteinbuka, Inna; Austers, Aldis; Barānovs, Oļegs; Malnačs, Normunds
The decision of EU and the response of the national governments to COVID-19 crisis provide the basis for returning “back to normal”. A key challenge is the transition to economic recovery in the presence of the ongoing COVID-19 risk. Adequate policy mix and forward-looking actions of the public institutions are crucial to mitigate the devastating impact of the crisis and to preserve growth. Governments need to facilitate positive changes in the labor market, adjust the macroeconomic and fiscal regimes, and mitigate the post-crisis “fatigue” of societies. The turmoil of the EU economy is symmetrical, as the pandemic has affected all EU Member States, but the impact of the pandemic varies considerably from one country to another, as does their ability to absorb the economic crisis. Also, variation in the vaccination performance is partly due to different institutional characteristics across countries. Small countries are more vulnerable to external economic shocks; however, they can increase their resilience by efficient governance and social response. Extraordinary pandemic crisis can be seen as a stress test for the small and open Latvian economy, and it is worth analyzing the lessons that Latvia had learned and its future prospects. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the economic and social consequences of the ongoing crisis in Latvia, assess the effectiveness of the response of the government to the crisis, analyse people’s perceptions, and to identify the future scenarios. The authors applied a special theoretical framework for the assessment of the effectiveness of institutions. Institutional analysis of crises response by the Latvian government reveals that the government managed to avoid serious functional disruptions; however, it failed to show convincing ability to learn by doing. The authors also provide a comprehensive analysis of the macroeconomic trends of the “COVID-sick” Latvian economy and conclude that future-oriented solutions relate to international competitiveness and that the key factor of competitiveness is a productivity renaissance. The pandemic crisis has fostered the state support for healthcare, which in Latvia for decades has been underfinanced. The right choice of fiscal instruments is crucial to accelerate the economic recovery and better healthcare. Research is based on the macroeconomic assessment and survey-based analysis. The comparison of statistically justified findings with the public perception helps formulate conclusions on the future scenarios and policies.
COVID-19 pandēmijas radīto problēmu ietekmes uz Latvijas uzņēmumu inovācijām izpēte
(RECOVERY-LV, 2021-02) Lāce, Nataļja
Aptauja ir veikta projekta "Ekonomiskais, politiskais un juridiskais ietvars Latvijas tautsaimniecības potenciāla saglabāšanai un konkurētspējas pieauguma veicināšanai pēc pandēmijas izraisītas krīzes (reCOVery-LV)" ietvaros. Mērķis – balstoties uz uzņēmumu aptauju, izpētīt COVID-19 pandēmijas radīto problēmu ietekmi uz Latvijas uzņēmumu inovācijām.
Determination Aspects of Possible Purchasing Prices for Blue Mussel Products from the Baltic Sea
(Journal of Economics and Management Research, 2019) Ozoliņa, Zaiga; Sloka, Biruta
Demand for marine products has been relatively high and is increasing in most of countries. With higher demand for higher-value and protein-rich products population is looking for other sources that could be protein-rich products and might be substitute for fish products. Blue mussel contains proteins and minerals therefore it might become as food and feed ingredient and supplement product for food. Experience in many countries world-wide where mussel production is more developed has indicated that important aspect in realisation of the production is effective marketing. The following research methods were used in the research: studies of scientific publications on blue mussel price and factors influencing the price, survey of different stakeholders in mussel farming – public administrators, entrepreneurs and researchers; expert interviews. The data obtained from the study were analysed by indicators of descriptive statistics, cross – tabulations, testing of statistical hypothesis with t–test and analysis of variance – ANOVA, as well as correlation analysis and one of the most applied multivariate analysis methods – factor analysis. Based on experts’ survey the results indicated that experts are ready to pay more for fresh mussel rather for than for frozen mussel. The most of expert’s answers indicated the purchase price 5 euros for kilogram of frozen blue mussel.
Development of Household Income Towards Modern Welfare Economics in Latvia
(2020) Sloka, Biruta; Tora, Ginta; Buligina, Ilze; Dzelme, Juris
Latvia in international comparisons is among the countries with rather low average income for households but rather high differences in income in households, especially in highest income households (richest quintile) characterised with significant indicators of variability in euro zone countries by Household and Consumption Survey conducted buy Bank of Latvia by methodology of European Central Bank in all eurozone countries and according EU- SILC (European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions) data. This current research is devoted to analysis of development of income and variability of income of households in Latvia in comparison with other OECD countries and eurozone countries. Research methods used: scientific publications and previous conducted research analysis, analysis of Household and Consumption Survey data, EU-SILC data on differences in income depending household size, from regions and from territory (urban/rural), interviews of regional authorities on various income inequality reduction arrangements and applications in regions with lower income level. Data analysis methods: descriptive statistics (indicators of central tendency or location – arithmetic mean and median, indicators of variability – standard deviations, standard error of mean), cross-tabulations of household income by regions, by household size, by territories, testing of statistical hypotheses on differences of arithmetic means by analysis of variance (ANOVA) for significance of income differences by regions and by household size. Results of analysis has indicated that Latvia has significant challenges where several innovative approaches could be applied to find best solutions for income inequality decrease and increase of overall satisfaction with life and support for economic development of the country.
Digitalisation in Regions of Latvia – Problems and Challenges
(University of Latvia, 2020) Sloka, Biruta; Čipāne, Kate; Vasina, Sabine Anete; Volgasts, Emīls
Digital skills are defined as a basic competence, the same level as reading or writing and it is important for country to provide successful digitalisation in regions as regional development is the basis for national development. Purpose of the study is to analyse digitalisation in the regions of Latvia. The tasks of the study: 1) to analyse theoretical background of digitalisation in context of regional development; 2) to analyse existing research of digitalisation in the regions in EU; 3) to analyse problems of digitalisation in the regions of Latvia. Research methods used in preparation of this article: scientific publication and previous conducted research results analysis, analysis of Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI), EU-SILC results (in 2014–2017) and results of the survey realised in Latvia at the end of 2017 and beginning of 2018 on internet shopping in cooperation with company iMarketing.lv, University of Latvia and Chamber of Trade and Commerce of Latvia (n = 2513). Data are compared with the results of other Eurozone and OECD countries. For data analysis there were used indicators of descriptive statistics (indicators of central tendency or location – arithmetic mean, mode, median), indicators of variability (indicators of dispersion – range, standard deviation and standard error of mean), cross-tabulations for regions in Latvia, for household members, for urban – rural living and analysis of variance – ANOVA are used. The results of analysis have indicated different challenges for decision makers on different levels.
Economic Activity in Context of Regions, Education Level, Age Group and Gender: Case of Latvia
(University of Latvia, 2019) Sloka, Biruta; Čipāne, Kate
In the National Development Plan of Latvia 2014–2020 it is written that society is aware that social, regional and opportunity inequalities can be reduced by a high overall employment rate in which everyone seeks for productivity. High employment rate is important not only for decreasing inequalities in country, but also for promoting economic growth. There have always been employment challenges in Latvia that are complex and insufficiently researched in academic research. The aim of the study is to analyse economic activity in Latvia by regions, education level, age group and gender. Research methods used in preparation of the article: scientific publication and previous conducted research results analysis, analysis of Labour Force Survey results (in 2014–2017) which are compared with the results of other European Union and OECD countries. Survey results are analysed using indicators of descriptive statistics (indicators of central tendency or location – arithmetic mean, mode, median), indicators of variability (indicators of dispersion – range, standard deviation and standard error of mean), cross-tabulations by regions in Latvia, by level of education, by age group, by gender and analysis of variance – ANOVA are used. The results of analysis indicated that the highest unemployment rate is in Latgale region and the higher the level of education, the less likely it is to be unemployed in Latvia.
Engaging Citizens in the Decision-Making Process
(Klaipeda University, 2019) Lielpēters, Eduars
The rapid development of internet and technologies in the 21th century is providing an opportunity for the development of digital democracy – citizen engagement in the decision-making process in an easier, faster and more contemporary way. The paper analysis Latvian public administration’s attitude to the development of digital democracy in Latvia, looking into digital engagement as a possible solution that could foster the low rates of civic and political participation in Latvia. Research methods of the paper consists of an analysis of academic publications on digital democracy and political engagement, and survey to the representatives of the public administration in Latvia. Conclusions of the paper suggest that there are good preconditions for the development of digital democracy in Latvia, however, there is a need for a common regulation for how digital communication and online participation is coordinated. Public institutions should pay more attention to Latvian youth, educating them about public administration and political engagement, thus ensuring that gradually Latvian citizens become more knowledgeable about advantages and necessity to participate in the decision-making process of public administration in Latvia.
Expenses for Dwelling – Comparisons by Regions and Territories in Latvia
(Journal of Service, Innovation and Sustainable Development, 2021) Sloka, Biruta; Tora, Ginta; Buligina, Ilze; Dzelme, Juris
Social inclusion and the reduction of inequalities are becoming an increasingly pressing problem in a number of OECD countries with changes in population demographic patterns: population ageing and income inequality. The development of the free market leads to income inequalities and social problems such as unemployment, the "shadow" economy, the loss of membership of a community group, self-development. Initially, by creating solutions to problems, economic inequalities for different groups of society are being investigated, by analysing housing spending, the possibilities to overcome challenging economic and social problems by comparing data by region and territory in Latvia. Housing aspects are influencing social inclusion and quality of life. To those aspects are developed many research in many countries and finding different good practices and innovative solutions which could be useful for many other countries. Aim of the research is to investigate the role of housing for social inclusion and analyse statistical data in Latvia by regions, by administrative territories (cities and rural areas) and by household size. Research methods applied in current research: analysis of scientific findings reflected in scientific publications, analysis of differences in regions in Latvia, analysis of differences by territories in Latvia (cities and rural areas), analysis of differences by household size by testing statistical hypotheses with t – test and analysis of variance – ANOVA.
FACTORS PROMOTING SOCIAL MEDIA USE IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN LATVIA
(University of Zagreb, 2022) Lase, Kate; Sloka, Biruta
Use of the social media in local governments has expanded around the world on the basis of development of internet and technology. Although each social network offers substantial benefits and opportunities, not all local governments use them or do not use them efficiently enough. Most local governments in Latvia use social media un do it for variety of reasons, but studies on the factors that promote the creation and maintenance of social network accounts in local governments in Latvia remains scant. The aim of the study is to analyse factors that promote social media use in local governments in Latvia and make proposals to policy makers. In order to achieve the purpose, the tasks are formulated as follows: 1. to review theoretical background of social media use in local governments; 2. to review existing research of social media use in local governments; 3. to analyse factors that can promote social media use in local governments in Latvia. Research methods used in preparation of the paper: recent scientific publication studies, analysis of social media of municipalities of Latvia, survey on social media use in municipalities in Latvia realized on April 2021. For data analysis there were used indicators of descriptive statistics: indicators of central tendency or location (arithmetic mean, mode, median, quartiles), indicators of variability (variance, standard deviation, standard error of mean), cross – tabulations. The results show that most local governments generally have positive views of their social media use but the real application of social media is not consistent in each local government. Majority of local governments in Latvia use at least two social media and one of them is Facebook. The results of the research can provide valuable pointers for decision makers how to improve social media use in local governments in Latvia. Thus, this study contributes to the debate on local government transparency and provides important guidelines for developing appropriate social media strategies and policies.
Factors that motivate Latvian consumers to purchase products and services from social enterprises in Latvia: the case of socially responsible consumption
(2019-10-31) Casno, Kristīne; Šķiltere, Daina; Sloka, Biruta
The purpose of the study is to -determine the relative importance of various factors that motivate Latvian consumers to purchase products and services from social enterprises in order to provide practical suggestions and recommendations for Latvian social enterprises that would allow them to improve their performance. The primary method used by the study is quantitative research by the means of an online survey of Latvian consumers of social enterprise products /services. The results of the research indicate that Latvian consumers find the product / service quality aspects, as well as aspects of social responsibility and convenience of the shopping location, on average, as most motivating to purchase products / services of social enterprises. However, the results of factor analysis highlight the importance of emotional aspects during on-site shopping as well as the importance of digital presence. Focus on the aforementioned could lead to optimal performance of social enterprises with limited marketing budgets. Authors also found that such factors as pleasant atmosphere and friendly service have the highest potential to generate repeat purchases among Latvian consumers, as confirmed by a statistically significant correlational relationship between the aforementioned factors and actual purchasing behavior of Latvian social enterprise consumers. Online sales also have potential to increase the economic performance of Latvian social enterprises. Consumers who regard online shopping highly on average display a less active shopping behavior which could be improved by offering online shopping opportunities. Authors also found that, while communication of social value is still recommended as vital part of social enterprise marketing, it should not be the only focus of social enterprise marketing activities and associated communication.
The Impact of Population Ageing and Social Stratification: The Case of Latvia
(2019) Rupeika-Apoga, Ramona; Romānova, Inna; Bule, Larisa; Thalassinos, Y.E.
Population ageing and social stratification is widely assumed to have detrimental effects on the economy yet there is little empirical evidence about the magnitude of its effects. The aim of this article is to investigate the relationships between population ageing and social stratification and the state of economy of a small and post-transition economy. We are looking for these relationships and their strength of influence; at what time after shocking these variables reach their original levels. We apply standard Granger (non-) causality tests, VAR (Vector Auto-Regressive), IRF (Impulse Response Function) and the prediction error variance analysis by using quarterly data from 2000 to 2018. Research results show that the changes in the level of GDP per capita and the number of pensions paid imply changes in the number of retired persons. The research results have important contribute to policy debates about the impact of population ageing and social stratification on the state of economy in small and post-transition economy.
Income Differences in Regions of Latvia – Problems and Challenges
(2019) Sloka, Biruta; Jekabsone, Inga; Čipāne, Kate; Vasina, Sabine Anete
Income differences in regions of Latvia is becoming a greater problem for families as there are made decisions for emigration, for municipalities as there are significant reductions in tax (income and property) payers and for entrepreneurs as there are less customers for their products and services: those aspects are on great importance but not enough researched and discussed in academic research. Purpose of the study is to analyse income differences in the regions of Latvia. The tasks of the study: 1 to review theoretical background of income differences in context of regional development; 2 to review existing research of income differences in the regions in EU; 3 to analyse problems of income indifferences in the regions of Latvia. Research methods used in preparation of the paper: scientific publication and previous conducted research results analysis, analysis of EU-SILC results (in 2014-2017) and European Central Bank conducted survey on Household income and expenses survey results, results are compared with the results of other Eurozone countries. Survey results are analysed using indicators of descriptive statistics (indicators of central tendency or location - arithmetic mean, mode, median), indicators of variability (indicators of dispersion - range, standard deviation and standard error of mean), cross-tabulations for regions in Latvia, for household members, for urban – rural living and analysis of variance - ANOVA are used. The results of analysis have indicated different challenges for decision makers on different levels.
Latvijas makroekonomiskās attīstības scenāriju un prognožu novērtējums, lai izvērtētu Eiropas Komisijas pārskatīto energoefektivitātes un atjaunoto energoresursu direktīvu ietekmi
(LU BVEF / LR Ekonomikas ministrija, 2021-12-03) Šteinbuka, Inna; Barānova, Daira; Bogdanova, Olga; Piģēns, Kārlis; Skribāne, Irina
Ziņojums tiek sagatavots atbilstoši līguma Nr.5.2-17.2/2021/4 uzdevumiem 2021. gadam. Ziņojumā tiek ietverts Latvijas makroekonomiskās attīstības scenāriju novērtējums, enerģētikas politikas apskats un informācija par ZOOM semināru “Klimata mērķu ekonomiskās ietekmes modelēšana un analīze” (2021.g. 10.decembrī).

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